What does the Cloud the drink? with Sarah Houston

[00:00:00] Box Town, Tennessee has a name that tells you everything. When they first settled down in the area, formerly enslaved people built their homes out of whatever they could find. Boxcars, mostly. And discarded railway materials. From those origins, they built a neighborhood. They built a community. Situated south of Memphis, the community eventually became part of the city.

[00:00:29] And for more than a century, the powers that be decided Box Town was the place to put everything a city needs but doesn't want to see. A power plant, an oil refinery, a wastewater treatment plant, a steel factory. Then in 2024, Elon Musk moved in with his AI company.

[00:00:51] XAI chose a site in the south side of Memphis, in the Box Town neighborhood, to build what it calls the most powerful AI supercomputer. They named it Colossus. Here's how fast this happened. XAI broke ground and had the facility partially operational within months. To power it, the company eventually installed dozens of natural gas turbines on site.

[00:01:19] They managed to bypass the required federal air quality permits and legally mandated pollution controls. Nitrogen dioxide immediately surrounding the data center spiked about 10% in the area. This kind of air pollution is already dangerous. But even more so near a neighborhood like South Memphis, where children already carry high asthma rates in the state.

[00:01:44] The impact has already been felt by the residents of Box Town, living just down the street from the XAI site. But that's just the beginning of the story. Because the truth is, this fight is much bigger than one data center in one neighborhood. This is TED Tech, a podcast from TED. I'm your host, Sherelle Dorsey.

[00:02:07] This month, we're doing a special series on the show that breaks down the data centers that power our new AI-driven world. Across four episodes, we're exploring what happens when a data center moves into the neighborhood and what communities are doing about it. Last week, we spoke to environmental scientist Dr. Jacoby Wilson about how data centers could make communities into digital sacrifice zones.

[00:02:33] He explained why this is a major environmental issue and a civil rights one. Go check that out if you haven't already. This week, we're going to Shelby County, which includes Memphis and the Box Town neighborhood. It's also the home to a massive freshwater aquifer that serves the surrounding community. Data centers need water to cool down their computers and avoid potential damage. But the demand is high.

[00:03:01] We have more than 5,400 data centers in the U.S., and they use billions of gallons of water a year. Each 100-word AI prompt uses about a bottle's worth of water. It doesn't sound like much, but millions of users run AI prompts just like this, every minute of every day. As AI demand grows, so does the demand for water. To learn more, I spoke to Sarah Houston.

[00:03:28] She's the executive director of Protect Our Aquifer, a Memphis-based water advocacy nonprofit. Sarah and her entire organization are on the front lines of this issue in Shelby County. She's been tracking what it actually costs a community when AI infrastructure moves in without warning, without permits, and without asking. After the interview, we'll pivot to possibility.

[00:03:54] We'll hear a TED Talk from the computer scientist Aisha Joshkun, who argues that the energy crisis data centers are creating doesn't have to be a dead end. That these facilities could be redesigned to stabilize the grid rather than strain it. So let's get into it. Here's Sarah. Can you talk a little bit about what's at stake here? Yeah, absolutely.

[00:04:23] You know, this data center right now seems like it's here to stay, and they're expanding. And there is a direct harm currently happening with the air quality. They are using these really inefficient, dirty gas generators to fill the void that our grid can't supply. That's producing air pollution harm right now.

[00:04:49] We also have the water side, and that's what our organization, Protect Our Aquifer, is really focused on, is how do we ensure that potable drinking water, our clean drinking water supply, is not compromised for cooling supercomputers. Their numbers keep going up. Originally, it was a million gallons a day. Now we're up to five million gallons a day just for one data center, and they have three in the works. And we don't want to see water bills go up.

[00:05:17] We don't want to see the access to drinking water go away because legacy pollution is migrating towards our water. We also don't want our infrastructure to be strained where in these emergency weather events, our utility has to decide, you know, is this water going to industry or is it going to people? And what's happening now is really playing out over the course of years.

[00:05:40] I mean, this that's happening in Memphis, Tennessee is not just the harm happening today, but it's really like how do we mitigate these harms that are really going to unfold over generations? And I think that that's a big challenge that we're up against, and it's getting lost. It's getting lost in the excitement of, you know, this facility and this new tax revenue. But we really have to stay grounded in reality.

[00:06:08] Particularly for listeners who've never heard of the Memphis Sand Aquifer, can you describe what it is? And then, you know, why does this matter to the people who depend on it? So our aquifer is like extremely unique, and it is the sole source of our drinking water supply here in Memphis, Tennessee, but really the Mid-South region. It supplies water for drinking, for industry, for farming. Really, it's our sole source of water supply.

[00:06:38] And we pride ourselves here in Memphis that we have the cleanest water because we really do. This is a deep sand aquifer. It's got a couple layers above it. And so what we drink today in Memphis actually fell as rain upwards of 2,000 years ago. It has been filtering slowly through this formation for a long time. But because it moves slow, we haven't really had to think that much about it historically. You know, we are a historic town.

[00:07:08] We have a lot of legacy pollution. This is industry from pre-EPA when they dumped, buried, spilled chemicals. And we're seeing the evidence of that starting to show up in our water supply today. It's taken 80 years, but it's starting to show up. And that has a real serious implication for human health and also our water bills. Like the treatment costs are going up. And this is an asset that we need to manage.

[00:07:38] And right now we have no management of it. Can you unpack for us and for our listeners what legacy pollution means here and why the arrival of these data centers? It makes it more dangerous, not just bigger. One thing, you know, I kind of mentioned is that Memphis is an old industrial town. Like we are on the banks of the Mississippi River. We have had major industry here for literally hundreds of years.

[00:08:03] And over that time frame, you know, there have been spills, leaks, and also just bad practices. You know, Shelby County where Memphis is in, we have 10 EPA Superfund sites. That is the highest level toxic site. And we have the most in this county out of anywhere in the state of Tennessee, like by like threefold. So we have this serious issue with legacy pollution.

[00:08:29] And like I mentioned earlier, the aquifer moves very slowly. We also have this clay layer above it. But we've known over the years that clay layer isn't this solid block of cheddar cheese. We're calling it more like Swiss cheese. And when you add major users, major water pumps, you are drawing down. Think about the suction effect pulling the water up. The nearby waters pull down deeper. And that's where you start to see quality and quantity are connected.

[00:08:59] And where XAI is located in southwest Memphis, it is by Tennessee Valley Authority's old coal plant, where they have a long legacy of coal ash pollution, like arsenic and lead and mercury. And just stuff you don't want in your drinking water. And adding major users to that area is definitely drawing down that legacy pollution.

[00:09:24] And we don't have the management programs in place here to address that situation. And right now it's really up to communities and community voice to call attention to that need. From what I understand, that residents actually found out like either the day before, like the day of the announcement that this was, you know, launching. What did that actually feel like? Yeah, it was one of those moments where we're like, we know this is a big deal.

[00:09:51] We don't know how and what. And we could never have predicted in that moment that it would really drastically change the next two years of our work. And really on and on and on. One of the things that we've learned in this process, too, and it's been really challenging to figure out how do we mitigate this in the future, is that, you know, they chose an area that is zoned heavy industrial.

[00:10:17] And so this landscape also used to be plantation land. And then it became a heavy industrially zoned area. So this legacy of pollution and exploitation has really lived in this landscape for centuries. And that heavy zone industrial area has no approvals needed for data centers. So there was no need for, you know, this to go before a county commission or go before any electorate body.

[00:10:47] It was a done deal. You know, they bought the building and they can now, it's a right by, use by right. They can do whatever they want with it in this, you know, industrial landscape. And that's something that just caught us off guard, not even really knowing what data centers are in the way that we do today. Right, right. But yeah, I mean, shocking was really the best way to put it. And just knowing that we had to like, we had to coalesce quickly.

[00:11:15] And our strategy and our work over the past few years has just had to continue to evolve and adapt based on just the expansion of Colossus 1 to Colossus 2, now Colossus 3 and a power plant. I mean, it's just has not slowed down at all. Can you kind of walk us through, Sarah, what that actually means at the household level? Like, what are residents in those neighborhoods worried about? Yeah.

[00:11:42] You know, one of the things about the, you know, the water demand is just folks don't want our pure, amazing drinking water supply used for a non-potable need. Cooling a supercomputer from the eyes of the community is not a worthwhile endeavor for our water supply. They're built on the banks of the Mississippi River. We have a shallow aquifer. They're located next to the city's southern wastewater treatment plant. There are water sources all around.

[00:12:11] And so just community sentiment from day one is, you know, hands off our aquifer. We have a lot of food and beverage manufacturing here, which that is a great use for the aquifer. You want that pure, clean water. But for the most part, it's like, how do we diversify our water supply? You know, really that is a big question that folks are trying to figure out. Like, what are these other options? But one thing that isn't really touched on because it's a little nuanced, but it's about the infrastructure.

[00:12:39] And we rely on wells here in Memphis, Tennessee, and they're in clusters of wells called well fields. And so in Box Town, in Westwood, in these historic black neighborhoods, you have Davis Wellfield. That is where the water's pumped for XAI, for TVA, some of these other heavy industries, and then the residents.

[00:13:00] And we have had cold snap after cold snap these past five winters that have been very abnormal for us. And we've had major water main breaks. We've had warehouse water system breaks. And this really impacted the residents of 38109 in Box Town in Westwood in Christmas of 2022.

[00:13:23] We had this crazy cold freeze, and TVA had the first ever rolling blackouts. Like, our energy grid was unstable. We have single-digit temperatures, and we are not used to that here in Memphis. And TVA is going full blast. Meanwhile, these water main breaks mean that the pressure's so low, the water can't get to the residents.

[00:13:51] And so in that moment in time, our publicly owned utility had to decide water for people or water for power. And that was a scenario we never wanted to see. And it literally was life and death. And it impacted this historic black community directly. And so, like, that very real strain on our infrastructure, in addition to the legacy pollution, is what's threatening people's access to water.

[00:14:19] And so, you know, one of the solutions that Protector Aquifer has been pushing since we were founded nearly 10 years ago is building a recycled wastewater plant for TVA's use. And now we're pushing for it for XAI's use.

[00:14:49] This is Ted Tech, and we're back with more of our interview with Sarah Houston, Executive Director of Protector Aquifer in Memphis. Why are we just granting this free-for-all without reverse engineering what the long-term impacts are going to be? I mean, you know, this is, of course, yes, corporate accountability. But also, what about, like, political accountability? Yeah, no.

[00:15:16] I mean, it really is a good question because it's... Education is the core of all of this, honestly. And, you know, we also don't assume that our elected officials and some of our business leaders, like, understand the details of our water infrastructure. Like, we just have to assume they don't. And, you know, how do we really come from a place of educating and informing?

[00:15:41] That has really become kind of the first and foremost thing that our organization has really taken a charge in just because there is so much happening all the time. Memphis is a community that has a lot of really big needs, high poverty rates. Like, core basic services, like, are really hard to come by. And water's been such an amazing asset here that it's been taken for granted. And so that's why we have to come from this place of education first and foremost.

[00:16:09] But, you know, one of the other things that we're trying to think about in that long term, like you said, the reverse engineering of this, you know, that is not how business deals are done in Memphis, Tennessee. You know, from the stories we've been told, from, you know, the folks we've talked to over the past couple years and really tried to build trusted relationships with,

[00:16:32] is that Elon chose Memphis because he liked the way the Chamber, TVA, our business community moved. They were like, oh, they're going to bend over backwards to make this deal happen. It was a big data. Yeah. He doesn't make any choices without having the data, right? Yeah. This is very calculated for sure. And it was like, you know, this community is willing to do whatever it takes to get my business here.

[00:17:01] You know, they're trying to find whatever shortcuts is needed. And that's when the whole air turbine or gas turbine and air pollution and this not needing a permit, quote unquote, which is actually incorrect and illegal. That's a whole saga we could go on. But, like, those types of things were all in these closed-door conversations that are unfolding that was really a singular vision, land this big company. It was not thinking about long-term impacts.

[00:17:30] It was not thinking about community engagement. I mean, really, still to this day, almost two years since the announcement, I mean, XAI has never held a public hearing about this. They've never had community meetings about this. And access to information has been pretty much just through information requests and whispers. I mean, honestly, we get some whistleblowers and some whistles and some whispers. And that's pretty much our best source of information,

[00:17:56] which is not really doing its due diligence to these communities and to us. Yeah. Yeah, it definitely sounds like there was a lapse in that community affairs. Let's call it out. It's like respect, right? Like, respect for communities, respect for, you know, how they want to work with corporations overall. Like, lack of information flow doesn't allow for co-design or even just cohabitation.

[00:18:23] You know, one of the things we wish that would have been part of that conversation is a community benefits agreement. You know, how could there be contractual obligations that will support the community? And so instead of it being thoughtful on the front end, reverse engineered, as you put it, it's really been us community leaders trying to, like, push for that on the back end. And one really great thing that, you know, our mayor here did push for and community absolutely, you know,

[00:18:52] got through city council was called a community benefits ordinance, where the only saving grace of this whole project chamber said, you know, this is going to bring tax revenue, tax revenue. It's like, okay, that's like trickle down economics. Like, how is that going to help, you know, Boxtown? Like, come on. And so this community benefits ordinance is now law in the city of Memphis where 25% of the tax revenue

[00:19:19] is dedicated to the five mile radius around the data centers. And so that is, you know, these historical black communities. And then we went farther and pushed for a resolution to create a community advisory board trying to get input on how that money should be spent and what folks want to see. And so that was something that, you know, in an ideal scenario could have been on the front end and we didn't have to use all this, like, time and energy and political capital just to get that done.

[00:19:47] And there's just, there's a lot of learning lessons we have here. And, you know, I think that this is something that we're still just in the throes of like, of all of the things, but taking a step back and seeing what did we, what are the missed opportunities? What are things our chamber, our leadership could have advocated for at the front end when doing this deal? The one benefit these things supposedly bring is money.

[00:20:12] How do we make sure that money is making real impact in a positive way for the communities most harmed by these facilities? And then it probably would have been a very different scenario. And even what questions should they have asked, you know? Now we have a lot of information of what we should have been asking. So there's a lot of lessons learned. And I think that that's, you know, unfortunate. But also, like, we need to draw a line in the sand and say, like, we cannot accept business deals like this anymore.

[00:20:40] We need real economic growth that centers community. Like, it's not, it shouldn't be that hard. But it's a new thing for Memphis. I do want to go back and touch on the water recycling plant. And it appeared that XAI was slated to build this. But then that project was paused. So talk to me about what this means for the broader data center industry.

[00:21:08] When a company makes a commitment like that, I think, obviously, as the result of potential, you know, backlash. And then they deprioritize it. Yeah. Yeah. What a roller coaster this has been. Oh, my goodness. Sounds like it. So this was really, truly one of the first community wins in theory on this, with this XAI announcement.

[00:21:34] The day after the announcement, our utility issued a press release saying they're going to build this water reuse facility. They're going to get off the aquifer. They're going to have a closed loop system right now, closed loop cooling system that will use aquifer water. But once this new plant is built, they will be, you know, it'll actually be a net gain for the aquifer because they were going to build it to both their specs at Colossus 1 and TVA and also a local steel plant down the street.

[00:22:03] So this was like a huge win, like right off the bat. We were like, wow. And then it was this idea of this model of data centers being co-located with wastewater treatment plants. You know, that is a sustainable source of water. There will always be folks flushing their toilets. There will always be industries discharging water. Like this is a source of sustainable water. You do need to clean it up further and make it, you know, useful for your cooling system.

[00:22:29] But like that, that, that is a benefit for everybody, you know, and that also allows the data center companies to control their water supply. So if there are, you know, these emergency crisis moments and like water needs to be diverted for community need, they've got this kind of off grid in a way water supply from the wastewater plant. The reason it was shocking to us is because they had gone through a lot of work to get the state operating permit.

[00:22:59] They pulled lots of different building permits. They've ordered equipment. I mean, they've done a lot. It's not like they just bought the land and sat on it because then we'd be like, okay, yeah, this was no surprise. Like this was like really came out of left field. Yeah. And it also sounds like somewhat of a warning signal for other communities who are following the story and or are attempting to, you know, react and respond to maybe similar, you know, processes that are happening within their communities.

[00:23:28] What is that one thing that you would want every person who's using AI, this incredible technology that is responsible more or less for the expansion of these data centers to understand about what that usage costs? What would you say? Ooh, I love this question. I got two things. One's a personal and one's professional.

[00:23:50] But just recognize that all of these computing, all of this stuff is grounded in a physical reality. They need power. They need water. They need land. And that all has real human implications. So how you're using that tool, is this really needed in a way that's going to offset all that potential harm?

[00:24:16] And I think that AI, like, you know, the industrial revolution, we have, you know, even the dot com boom of the 2000s. I mean, this is this next like, you know, this next exponential expansion of our technological, you know, state. But how are we doing it in a way where we really are not harming current and future generations?

[00:24:57] Sarah just gave us the truth from the ground. Now here's where it gets complicated. Aisha Joshkun is a computer scientist who says that data centers don't have to be the energy hogs they currently are. Her argument? The very facilities straining our grids could be redesigned to stabilize them.

[00:25:18] She calls it turning AI data centers into virtual batteries, flexible assets that actually help accelerate clean energy rather than consume it. She's not wrong. The technology exists. The research is real. But here's the question we keep returning to in this series. For whom and by when? Because while computer scientists are prototyping smarter systems in labs,

[00:25:43] the residents of Box Town are already dealing with water shortages and breathing in toxic air. The gap between what's technically possible and what's actually happening in communities like Memphis has a cost. And someone is paying for it right now. Aisha is the reason today's episode doesn't end in despair. The solutions exist. The question is whether we have the will to demand them before the next deal gets cut in a closed room.

[00:26:12] Here's Aisha Joshkun on the TED stage. Right now, the world is in an AI race. Companies, governments, universities are all racing to build bigger models, smarter systems, and behind the scenes, they are racing to build more data centers to power AI. But there's a problem. We are running headfirst into the limits of our infrastructure.

[00:26:41] The power grid includes all the infrastructure, power plants, transmission lines, and all, to generate and deliver power to our homes, our businesses, and now to AI data centers. In the United States, the grid operators are reporting that new AI data center projects are requesting power loads equal to entire cities. In some regions, utilities simply can't keep up.

[00:27:09] So when you hear AI data centers, what comes to mind? For many, it's one thing. Energy hogs. And they are not wrong. AI is dramatically accelerating the electricity demand of data centers. Just training GPT-4 is estimated to have consumed around the annual electricity use of thousands of U.S. homes.

[00:27:35] In another striking example, in Ireland, nearly 20% of the nation's electricity is drawn by data centers today. And these are not just statistics. They are also community stories. In the data center alley in Virginia, residents recently saw higher electricity bills.

[00:27:58] 20% higher already compared to just a few years ago as utilities scramble to serve massive new AI facilities. So, energy hog label seems well-deserved. But that's only half the story. Here is the new view. These facilities are not just energy-hungry brains.

[00:28:23] They can also be the muscles of the grid, flexing on demand. Unlike our homes or hospitals, AI data centers run jobs that are predictable, controllable, and often delayable. That makes them ideal to help balance supply and demand on the grid.

[00:28:43] By making AI data centers power flexible, we can connect them much more rapidly to the grid, while at the same time making electricity more affordable and resilient. What's more, the AI boom is arriving just as the renewable boom is also taking off. Wind and solar don't follow our schedules, but data centers can.

[00:29:12] Which means we can align the rise of AI with the rise of clean energy, if we are bold enough to rethink their role. All this transformation to power flexibility didn't just come out of thin air. It builds on decades of research on energy-efficient computing, scheduling, optimization, and many others. I have lived this journey myself.

[00:29:42] Early in my career, I asked a question that many found unrealistic. Could computer systems adapt their behavior depending on power grid needs, but without breaking their performance promise to their users? At the time, this sounded radical.

[00:30:06] Because why would we ever design a system that would slow itself down on purpose? But then came the breakthroughs. First, we discovered not all computing tasks are urgent. Some can wait for minutes or hours, and some can be slowed down without anyone really noticing it.

[00:30:29] For example, a researcher analyzing hundreds of medical images with AI may be okay with waiting just a little longer. Or if you are fine-tuning your AI model over the course of the next few days, you may be okay with slowing it down for just a few hours. This inherent flexibility in computing gives us the flexibility we need to manage power. Second, we reframed the problem.

[00:30:59] Instead of asking, how do we compute as fast as possible? We asked, how do we make computer systems meet the constraints of the power grid, while at the same time still delivering on user performance agreements? This shift led to new strategies, capping power, shifting workloads, and provisioning the data center as a flexible reserve to the grid.

[00:31:27] A key aspect here is that we do keep the performance promise to users, so it's not arbitrary. User experience remains as a key target, and better yet, it becomes more predictable. So we built prototypes on real data center servers, and they worked. Systems that could follow a power target while still delivering results. But all this journey wasn't smooth.

[00:31:56] There were paper rejections, bonding rejections, colleagues telling me this would never work. Well, since I was a kid, I was told I'm a persistent person, perhaps stubborn at times. And bold ideas require persistence. Because change almost always looks impossible before it looks obvious.

[00:32:24] So you take that feedback, you reframe it again and again, and you keep building, you keep proving. So what began as scribbles on a whiteboard 12 years ago, is now running on real AI data centers. Why does this matter now? Because the power grid's challenge isn't just to generate more power. It's about timing. Solar gives us a glut of electricity at noon,

[00:32:53] but demand might peak in the evening. Wind might be abundant one day and scarce the next. Nuclear takes decades and billions of dollars to build, and is often hard to locate in urban areas. Batteries are critical, but scaling them is costly, slow, and often not environmentally clean.

[00:33:18] Meanwhile, AI data centers themselves face five to seven year wait times just to connect to the grid in places like Virginia. In AI time, where technologies shift in a major way every six months, five to seven years is an eternity. So here's the opportunity. With the right orchestration, AI data centers can be flexible today. No waiting, no new massive power infrastructure construction.

[00:33:47] They can soak up excess solar in the afternoon, scale down at peak times, and act as virtual batteries today. And the stakes are real. Take Texas, August 23. During a brutal heat wave, the rising electricity demand pushed the grid to its limits. Wholesale electricity prices spiked over 800% in a single afternoon.

[00:34:16] So flexible loads, if they were widely available, could have reduced the costs and could have prevented the emergency alerts that went to the consumers. So we have two opportunities here. One, we can make current data centers flexible and help prevent blackouts and reduce electricity costs. Two, and perhaps the more significant, by making future data centers power flexible,

[00:34:45] we can connect them much earlier without waiting for major power grid upgrades. If we ignore this opportunity, we are not just wasting renewable energy and we are not just raising our electricity bills. We are also slowing AI adoption, making it delayed, more expensive, and less accessible to society. But there's a catch. Orchestrating this flexibility

[00:35:14] is not easy. Prices change hourly. Workloads may arrive unpredictably. Grid rules change across states, across countries. So no human operator and no single fixed data center management policy can keep up. This is where AI itself comes back into the story. The very technology driving this unforeseen demand

[00:35:41] is also probably the only thing smart enough to tame it. AI can learn patterns, anticipate grid needs, and coordinate across data centers, across utilities, even nations, in real time. Imagine a data center or a whole network of them as an orchestra with hundreds of instruments all playing at once. Left on their own, it can sound like chaos.

[00:36:11] But bringing a conductor, suddenly all that noise turns into music. The conductor, in this case, is AI. AI can direct data center operation so that the data center can precisely match power constraints depending on what the grid needs, what power is available, and what users demand. The result is harmony. Reliable electricity,

[00:36:40] efficient computing, and a system that works beautifully together. And that's exactly what we built. We built software that slows down, speeds up, or pauses workloads in a data center, or shifts workload among data centers. Our conductor platform tunes performance and power at real time, all the while respecting user and cloud provider performance needs. In this way,

[00:37:09] by flexing when needed, we can connect AI data centers much faster to the grid, make better use of the available power in the power grid, and enable faster AI adoption. I've been inside this story from an idea that once seemed impossible to prototypes in a lab to systems now running in the field. And I believe this is just the beginning. AI is already reshaping how we compute, but it could

[00:37:39] also reshape how we power the world. So the question isn't how much energy AI consumes. The real question is how much flexibility, resilience, and clean power can AI unlock? If we are bold enough to rethink AI data centers, the very machines that now seem like a burden could be our greatest assets in building a sustainable AI future. Thanks.

[00:38:14] That was Aisha Joshkun at TED AI San Francisco in 2025. And that's our show. Thanks for listening to TED Tech. Our data center series continues next week, where we'll hear about what it actually means to hold AI companies accountable for the impact of data centers. TED Tech is a podcast from TED. This episode was produced by Rahima Nasa. Our editor

[00:38:43] is Alejandra Salazar, and the show is fact-checked by Julia Dickerson. Special thanks to Constanza, Gallardo, Daniela, Belarreso, Maria Ladias, Tanzika Sangmanivan, and Roxanne Hilash. If you're enjoying the show, make sure to subscribe and leave us a review so other people can find us too. I'm Sherelle Dorsey. Let's keep digging into the future. Join me next week for more.